VOSGES - Ste. Marie-aux-Mines - Tête du Violu / Bernhardstein
- by Pierre Grande Guerre
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- 23 Aug, 2019
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Year of visit: 2008, 2010
This time we depart from the Col de Bonhomme, to the left, northward along the D 48, the former D 148.
Attention: The pages about the Central and Southern Vosges start also with the Col du Bonhomme!
... which offers this panorama view northward over the valley of the Lièpvrette-river, into the direction of Ste. Marie-aux-Mines.
Passing the No Man's Land of the Col de Bagenelles we enter the German "Leber" Front Sector.
View from south-west to north-east over the Val d'Argent, the "Silver Valley". The valley got it's name after it's 18th century silver and mineral mines. Right: Echery. In the valley at the horizon; Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines.
During the period of 1871-1918 Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines was a German border town, called Markirch. Markirch was only 4 kilometres away from the Col de Ste. Marie border crossing in the west.
To get in the right mood for the day, and to get an impression of the German units, defending the front sector around Sainte Marie-aux-Mines, we start with a visit to the Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines Deutscher Soldatenfriedhof. The cemetery is situated at the eastern outskirts of Ste. Marie-aux-Mines.
Along the eastern wall some memorials. The Memorial for the Brigade Ersatz-Battalion 84.
Some 15 meters beyond: the memorial for the 61. LANDWEHR BRIGADE.
The 61. Landwehr Brigade
With intervals this front sector has been defended by the 61st. Landwehr Brigade, a Prussian reserve unit, consisting also of Hessian and Bavarian units, under command of General Freling, from 1914 until 1917.
Other important German units, which were also active in this sector, were: Infanterie Regiment 126 and 132; Jäger Bataillon 8; the 1. Bayerisches Ersatz Brigade, including Landwehr Infanterie Regiment 80 und 81; Brigades-Ersatz Bataillons 81, 58, and 84; Bayerische Pioniere Bataillon 15, Minenwerfer-Kompanie 409; the 2. Bayerische Ersatz-Regiment; Feld Artillerie Regiment 66 and 80; the Württemberger Infanterie Regiment 180; and Landsturm-Infanterie Battalions from several German towns, like Weilheim, Friedberg, Kempten, Bonn, Passau, Landshut, Düren, and Augsburg.
... Infanteristen, Landsturmmänner, Reservisten, soldiers, NCO's, and officers.
From left to right: An infanterist, a NCO, a horseman, and a corporal.
At the centre of the cemetery lies the grave of Baron Maurice Fitz-James de Berwick. The land on which the "Soldatenfriedhof" was founded in 1916, belonged to the father in law of Baron Maurice, who died on 20 April 1835 in the house of his father in law.
View from the western edge of the cemetery to the Tête du Violu and the Pain du Sucre (centre).
The mountain pass, Col de Ste. Marie, lies west of the town, at a height of 776 meter.
... and we find under the trees, left of this hotel, this 1871-1918 German border demarcation stone.
From here you have the option of walking three routes southward.
In 2008 we based ourselves on the east side of the Green Route, but we allowed ourselves a shortcut southward; see our Yellow Route below.
In 2010 we concentrated ourselves on the west side of the Green Route, but again, we choose to deviate south-eastward, marked as the Turquoise Route below.
Though this wooded terrain with steep slopes might sometimes be confusing to orientate yourself, but the ultimate distance in bird's flight between these two routes is not more than 300 m.
We prefer both times staying along the German lines of the Bernhardstein.
We pass the border demarcation stone to follow a path, southward, along the eastern slopes of the Bernhardstein (870 m.).
This path bears the name "Landwehrstrasse", or "Chemin des Abris".
Along the path we find huge bunkers with entrances to filled in, mined caves, "Stollen".
Also on the steep slopes below the path, we see some masonry buildings, sometimes fortified with concrete.
"Sanitätsunterstand Hessen", the Hessen Dug-out, served as a dressing station.
The front of the bunker, photographed by my late wife Chris from the south.
We continue our walk along the Chemin des Abris, the "Bunker Path", southward.
I can not resist to offer you some views of the landscape during our walk; eastward over the valley of Hergauchamp..
And a view backward, northward, to the wood of the "Hessen Bunker".
Passing a farm, we see some corrugated steel boards, and a pigtail shaped barbed wire pole.
We continue to walk southward over the eastern slope. View eastward over the valley of la Lièpvrette-river, in German the "Leber" river.
A source, important along the front, covered with corrugated steel, and a steel plate, which looks 90 years old.
At a curve in the path, I find this stone with a German inscription: "Feste Heimat"
The verges of the path are densely vegetated again. I detected 3 bunkers along the west side of the path.
The interior of the "Lustigen Spielmann", view to left and view to right.
Another view of the "Lustigen Spielmann", which may have served as a canteen bunker.
In front of the bunker and around it, I did find some fragments of shells, like this one.
On the densely vegetated slope above the "Lustigen Spielmann" lies another bunker, which I unfortunately could not reach.
View from the south of the 3 bunkers. The "upper" bunker is hard to be seen.
We continue southward to a point, which is called Reinhard's Eck, Reinhard's Corner. Here we find a relic of a wartime cemetery, a lonely stone, and a silent witness of the presence of the Bavarian Ersatz Bataillon 58 in 1914.
This is a type of pillbox shaped bunker, which you will find more often along the Vosges front.
We climb the track upward to 875 m., following the former 1871-1918 borderline.
We continue upward along a difficult track, seeing more traces of trenches.
At the west side of the track we arrive at two bunkers next to each other; ...
Though the bunker might not look very spectacular, before our trip my Dutch friend and fellow front explorer, René, tipped me rightly to visit this peculiar bunker.
The stairway downward in the right corner makes this bunker so interesting.
The stairs run to a tunnel, which connects to 2 concrete pits of a "Ladungswerfer", a heavy trench mortar.
The visible Ladungswerfer pit, some 15 m. away from the bunker, covered with an ugly grill for your safety.
As local fellow passionates told us later; in many cases the Germans exploded themselves these bunkers at the end of the war. So this is probably not caused by war damage.
If you look more carefully on the ground, you will see relics of barbed wire entanglements.
This “Friesian Horse” reminds me of a quote of a 1918 service note of the 33e Corps d'Armée I read. It is about the high voltage wire network, which the Germans had constructed along the front line:
The network is constituted by an electrified fence of conductive wire and barbed wire, carefully protected from the ground and strung on poles or frames, coated with insulating material (pitch and tar). (...)
The current sent into the network is about 1.500 volts: the human body can not withstand the physiological effects of such tension.(...)
“The usual characteristics of the electrified network, which the enemy established between the Aspach Bridge and the region of the Violu are: (...)
b. The electrified network itself looks like
a normal network of two or three rows of stakes, it consists of
smooth wire or barbed wire. The stakes are treated in part or in
whole with tar. Sometimes it's replaced by barbed wire obstacles
of the usual type of the "Friesian Horse", but with
tarred bases."
Source: a service note of General Leconte of the 33e Corps d’Armée d.d. 23 May 1918
Sometimes the wood opens for a short marvellous view.
Near the summit of the Bernhardstein (870 m.) we change to a more comfortable forest road.
The bunker belongs to the stronghold of the "Betonturm", the Concrete Tower.
This concrete mortar pit of 8 m. deep is protected by a wooden railing, but it is not covered with a safety grill.
As promised earlier; in the frame below I offer you some more detailed information about the "Ladungswerfer 24,5 cm. Erhardt".
For the French troops this "Betonturm", "le Grand Blockhaus", formed their main target for their attacks and artillery bombardments.
View from the east side at the entrance. We save a visit to the roof of this 3-floors bunker for some moments later.
In the in wartimes almost barren wood the roof of the Betonturm must have served as an excellent observation post, ...
Some 50 m. to the south on the left verge of the road stands this machine-gun bunker.
On an eastern slope we detect this remarkably well preserved dug-out entrance of the “Zähringer Löwe”.
In this dug-out we meet the admirable team of locals, amateur and professional historians, who spend all their free time with digging, clearing, cleaning, and respectfully restoring these bunkers of the "Leber" sector. Chapeau, Messieurs, et merci pour votre travail admirable!
The Monsieur on the right side of the photo tells us, that there are in this sector about 400 bunkers, dug-outs, and tunnelsystems, hidden and to be found here. In this particular "Unterstand" the team did even found bed spirals, untouched by rust!
Remark the lack of rust on the corrugated shelter ceiling above these industrious gentlemen. Being closed off for almost 100 years of open air, the metal is hardly touched by rust.
Grateful for the work of these local volunteers, we say this team of industrious workers goodbye, and we leave the “Zähringer Löwe”.
A ground plate of a trench mortar lies in front of an interesting wartime memorial.
A reminder of the Ste. Marie-aux-Mines Deutscher Soldatenfriedhof:
I prefer to leave these bats undisturbed; another reason to always wear a hat or a cap visiting bunkers.
Again outside. The yellow dots mark other hardly visible buildings in the vicinity.
Another interesting bunker, where the local restoration team has been busy.
Some meters lower we arrive on another forest road, which used to be a kind of a street with workshops.
... a large shelter bunker, offering enough room for all kinds of workshops.
Though I did present you only a fraction of what you could possibly see on the Bernhardstein, ...
...we have to close off our day here with this last shelter bunker, "Zunfthaus II", ...
... at the end of this factory street on the slope of the Bernhardstein.
From a slope of the Haut de Faîte a last view of the "German side" of the Tête du Violu.
Our exploration of the northern side of the "Leber" sector continues on the next photo page about the Haut de Faîte and a southern slope of the Chaume de Lusse, north of the Col de Ste. Marie.
Continue to: "Wisembach - Le Haut de Faîte"
Inleiding: Franz Von Papen & Werner Horn; schaker en pion
Onlangs stuitte ik in een oud boek (1) van 1919 op een opmerkelijk verhaal over een Duitse Luitenant, die in begin februari 1915 een half geslaagde bomaanslag pleegt op een spoorbrug over een grensrivier tussen de Verenigde Staten en Canada. Ook al staat de bekentenis van de dader, Werner Horn, deels in het boek te lezen, de naam van zijn opdrachtgever zal Horn blijven verzwijgen. Na wat verder zoeken vond ik ook de naam van Horn’s opdrachtgever, Franz von Papen, een van de aangeklaagden van het latere Neurenberg Proces in 1946.
In een Grote Oorlog als de Eerste Wereldoorlog is Horn’s aanslag op de brug uiteraard slechts een bescheiden wapenfeit. Toch vermoed ik dat dit relatief onbekende verhaal, dat de geschiedenis is ingegaan als de “ Vanceboro International Bridge Bombing ”, nog interessante kanten kent. Het is onder andere een spionageverhaal over hoe in een groter plan een sluwe schaker zijn naïeve pion offert.
Beknopte situatieschets Canada en de Verenigde Staten in 1915
This trip we start at the Léomont near Vitrimont and we will with some exceptions concentrate on the Battle of Lorraine of August-September 1914 in the area, called, the “Trouée de Charmes”, the Gap of Charmes.
After the Léomont battlefield we continue our explorations to Friscati hill and its Nécropole Nationale. Next we pay a visit to the battlefield of la Tombe to go on to the Château de Lunéville. There we cross the Vezouze to move on southward to the Bayon Nécropole Nationale. At Bayon we cross the Moselle to pass Charmes for the panorama over the battlefield from the Haut du Mont. North-west of Charmes we will visit the British Military Cemetery containing 1918 war victims. From Charmes we go northward to the battlefield of the First French Victory of the Great War, the Battle of Rozelieures of 25 August 1914. North of Rozelieures we will visit the village of Gerbéviller. From there we make a jump northward to visit the ruins of Fort de Manonviller to finish with an interesting French Dressing Station bunker, west of Domjevin.
During this visit, we try to focus on the day that the momentum of the battle switched from the French side to the advantage of the Bavarian side: the day of 20 August 1914, when the Bavarians rapidly re-conquered the territory around Morhange , being also the day of the start of their rather successful “Schlacht in Lothringen”.
We will visit beautiful landscapes of the "Parc Naturel Régional de Lorraine", memorials, ossuaries, and cemeteries. Sometimes we will divert to other periods of the Great War, honouring Russian and Romanian soldiers, who died in this sector. We start our route at the border village of Manhoué, and via Frémery, Oron, Chicourt, Morhange, Riche, Conthil, Lidrezing, Dieuze, Vergaville, Bidestroff, Cutting, Bisping we will finish in Nomeny and Mailly-sur-Seille, where the Germans halted their advance on 20 August 1914, and where they constructed from 1915 some interesting bunkers.
